Os ataúdes amarelos: as novas práticas oficinais tebanas da XXI dinastia
Palavras-chave:
ataúdes amarelos, XXI dinastia, necrópole tebana, oficinas funerárias
Resumo
Os ataúdes amarelos destacam-se pela sua profusa decoração pictórica. Com raízes no período de Amarna e nas inovações introduzidas durante o período ramséssida, a definição plena do esquema decorativo dos ataúdes amarelos definiu-se na viragem para a XXI dinastia. A complexidade e variabilidade que caracteriza estes objectos exigiu uma transformação profunda na forma de organizar o trabalho nas oficinas funerárias tebanas. Baseado no trabalho que o Gate of the Priest Project tem desenvolvido na última década nos chamados “Foreign Lots” de Bab el-Gassus, o presente estudo procura sistematizar algumas das transformações que se podem detectar na observação dos ataúdes dos sacerdotes de Ámon, quer ao nível das práticas de carpintaria, quer ao nível das práticas de pintura e decoração. Em última análise, estas mudanças ajudam-nos a clarificar a função que os ataúdes antropomórficos amarelos desempenharam na sociedade tebana da XXI dinastia.Downloads
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Referências
Amenta, A. (2018). New results from the CT scanning of a coffin, em: Taylor, J. e Vandenbeush, M. (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Coffins: Craft, Traditions and Functionality. Lovaina / París / Bristol: Peeters, 323-336.
Betrò, M. e Miniaci, G. (2018). Used, reused, plundered and forgotten: A rare group of early Ramesside coffins from tomb MIDAN.05 in the Theban necropolis, em: Taylor, J. e Vandenbeush, M. (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Coffins: Craft, Traditions and Functionality. Lovaina / París / Bristol: Peeters, 161-184.
Bleiberg, E. (2008). To live forever: Egyptian treasures from the Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn / Londres: Brooklyn Museum / Giles Limited.
Cavaleri, T., Buscaglia, P., Giudice, A., Nervo, M., Pisani, M. e Zucco, M. (2019). Multi and hypersprectral imaging and 3D techniques for understanding Egyptian coffins, em: Strudwick, H. e Dawson, J. (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Coffins: Past, Present, Future. Oxford / Filadelfia: Oxbow Books, 43-51.
Cooney, K. (2018). Coffin reuse in Dynasty 21: A case study of the coffins in the British Museum, em: Taylor, J. e Vandenbeush, M. (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Coffins: Craft, Traditions and Functionality. Lovaina / París / Bristol: Peeters, 295-322.
Daressy, G. (1909). Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire: Cercueils des Cachettes Royales (Nos 61001–61044). El Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.
Delvaux, L. e Therasse, I. (2015). Sarcophages. Sous les Étoiles de Nout. Bruselas: Musées royaux d’Art et d’Histoire.
Egner, R. e Hauslauer, E. (1994). Särge der Dritten Zwischenzeit I (Corpus Antiquitatum Aegyptiacarum, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, Ägyptisch-orientalische Sammlung, Lieferung 10). Maguncia: Philipp von Zabern.
Egner, R. e Hauslauer, E. (2009). Särge der Dritten Zwischenzeit II (Corpus Antiquitatum Aegyptiacarum, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, Ägyptisch-orientalische Sammlung, Lieferung 12). Maguncia: Philipp von Zabern.
Ferraris, E. (2015). The Tomb of Kha, em: Museo Egizio. Turín: Fondazione Museo delle Antichità Egizie di Torino.
Geldhof, E. (2018). Painting techniques of the Leiden coffins, em: Weiss, L. (ed.), The Coffins of the Priests of Amun: Egyptian coffins from the 21st Dynasty in the collection of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden (Papers on Archaeology of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities 17). Leiden: Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, 49-67.
Ikram, S. e Dodson, A. (1998). The mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the dead for eternity. El Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
Liptay, E. (2011). Coffins and coffin fragments of the Third Intermediate Period (I). Catalogues of the Egyptian Collection. Budapest: Museum of Fine Arts.
Mann, L., Greco, C. e Weiss, L. (2017). The Coffins in Leiden, em: Weiss, L. (ed.), The Coffins of the Priests of Amun: Egyptian coffins from the 21st Dynasty in the collection of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden (Papers on Archaeology of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities 17). Leiden: Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, 35-48.
Medina Sánchez, M. (2019). Los ataúdes egipcios de Pairusejer y de Ruru del Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Madrid. Oxford: BAR Publishing.
Miatello, L. e Ibrahim, M. (2020). The coffin set of Amenniunakht in Cairo: a case study of a 21st Dynasty burial assemblage, em: Sousa, R. (ed.), Yellow coffins from Thebes: Recording and decoding complexity in Egyptian funerary arts (21st - 22nd Dynasties). Oxford: BAR Publishing, 101-127.
Niwiński, A. (2004). Sarcofagi della XXI Dinastia (CGT 10101-10122). Con appendici de Gian Luigi Nicola, Thierry Radelet e Giuseppe Laquale. Turín: Ministerio per i Beni e le Attività Culturali.
Pagès-Campagna, S. e Guichard, H. (2017). Coloured materials of Theban coffins produced around the ‘yellow coffin’ series from the Louvre Collections, em: Amenta, A. e Guichard, H. (eds.), Proceedings of the First Vatican Coffin Conference (Vatican Museums, 19-22 June 2013). Ciudad del Vaticano: Edizioni Musei Vaticani, 357-360.
Prestipino, G. (2017). The Vatican Coffin Project: Observations on the construction techniques of the Third Intermediate Period coffins from the Musei Vaticani, em: Amenta, A. e Guichard, H. (eds.), Proceedings of the First Vatican Coffin Conference (Vatican Museums, 19-22 June 2013). Ciudad del Vaticano: Edizioni Musei Vaticani, 397-406.
Raven, M. (2017). Third Intermediate Period burials in Saqqara, em: Amenta, A. e Guichard, H. (eds.), Proceedings of the First Vatican Coffin Conference (Vatican Museums, 19-22 June 2013). Ciudad del Vaticano: Edizioni Musei Vaticani, 419-424.
Sousa, R. (2014). Spread your wings over me: Iconography, symbolism and meaning of the central panel on ‘yellow’ coffins, em: Sousa, R. (ed.), Body, Cosmos & Eternity: New research trends in the symbolism of coffins in ancient Egypt. Oxford: Archaeopress, 155-166.
Sousa, R. (2017). Burial assemblages from Bab el-Gasus in the Geographical Society of Lisbon (Monumenta Aegyptiaca 14). Turnhout: Association Égyptologique Reine Élizabeth / Brepols.
Sousa, R. (ed.) (2018a). The Tomb of the Priests of Amun: Burial Assemblages in the Egyptian Museum of Florence (Gate of the Priests Series 1, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 97). Leiden / Boston: Brill.
Sousa, R. (2018b). Gleaming Coffins: Iconography and symbolism in Theban coffin decoration (21st Dynasty). Coimbra: Coimbra University Press.
Sousa, R. (2018c). The Genealogy of Images: Innovation and complexity in coffin decoration during Dynasty 21, em: Taylor, J. e Vandenbeush, M. (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Coffins: Craft, Traditions and Functionality. Lovaina / París / Bristol: Peeters, 17-32.
Sousa, R. (2019). Gilded Flesh: Coffins and afterlife in Ancient Egypt. Oxford / Filadelfia: Oxbow Books.
Sousa, R. (2020a). The coffin set of Henuttaui at the Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst in Munich, em: Sousa, R. (ed.), Yellow coffins from Thebes: Recording and decoding complexity in Egyptian funerary arts (21st - 22nd Dynasties). Oxford: BAR Publishing, 75-90.
Sousa, R. (2020b). “Yellow” type and genealogy: formal variability and meaning in coffin decoration, em: Sousa, R. (ed.), Yellow coffins from Thebes: Recording and decoding complexity in Egyptian funerary arts (21st - 22nd Dynasties). Oxford: BAR Publishing, 209-216.
Sousa, R. (2020c). The coffin set of Tabasety at the Antikmuseet in the University of Aarhus, em: Sousa, R. (ed.), Yellow coffins from Thebes: Recording and decoding complexity in Egyptian funerary arts (21st - 22nd Dynasties). Oxford: BAR Publishing, 41-60.
Sousa, R. (2021). The Tomb of the Priests of Amun and the ‘restoration’ of the Theban Necropolis, em: Sousa, R., Amenta, A. e Cooney, K. (eds.), Bab el-Gasus in context: Rediscovering the Tomb of the Priests of Amun. Roma: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 137-168.
Sousa, R. e Hansen, A. H. (2022). The Tomb of the Priests of Amun: Burial assemblages of the National Museum of Denmark (Gate of the Priests Series 2, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 130). Leiden / Boston: Brill.
Sousa, R. e Nørskov, V. (2018). Tabasety, the Temple Singer in Aarhus, em: Trabajos de Egiptología. Papers on Ancient Egypt 9: 207-224.
Strudwick, H. e Dawson, J. (eds.) (2016). Death on the Nile: Uncovering the afterlife of Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: The Fitzwilliam Museum.
Zarli, M. e Sousa, R. (2018). Coffin sets, em: Sousa, R. (ed.) (2018), The Tomb of the Priests of Amun: Burial Assemblages in the Egyptian Museum of Florence (Gate of the Priests Series 1, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 97). Leiden / Boston: Brill.
Betrò, M. e Miniaci, G. (2018). Used, reused, plundered and forgotten: A rare group of early Ramesside coffins from tomb MIDAN.05 in the Theban necropolis, em: Taylor, J. e Vandenbeush, M. (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Coffins: Craft, Traditions and Functionality. Lovaina / París / Bristol: Peeters, 161-184.
Bleiberg, E. (2008). To live forever: Egyptian treasures from the Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn / Londres: Brooklyn Museum / Giles Limited.
Cavaleri, T., Buscaglia, P., Giudice, A., Nervo, M., Pisani, M. e Zucco, M. (2019). Multi and hypersprectral imaging and 3D techniques for understanding Egyptian coffins, em: Strudwick, H. e Dawson, J. (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Coffins: Past, Present, Future. Oxford / Filadelfia: Oxbow Books, 43-51.
Cooney, K. (2018). Coffin reuse in Dynasty 21: A case study of the coffins in the British Museum, em: Taylor, J. e Vandenbeush, M. (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Coffins: Craft, Traditions and Functionality. Lovaina / París / Bristol: Peeters, 295-322.
Daressy, G. (1909). Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire: Cercueils des Cachettes Royales (Nos 61001–61044). El Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.
Delvaux, L. e Therasse, I. (2015). Sarcophages. Sous les Étoiles de Nout. Bruselas: Musées royaux d’Art et d’Histoire.
Egner, R. e Hauslauer, E. (1994). Särge der Dritten Zwischenzeit I (Corpus Antiquitatum Aegyptiacarum, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, Ägyptisch-orientalische Sammlung, Lieferung 10). Maguncia: Philipp von Zabern.
Egner, R. e Hauslauer, E. (2009). Särge der Dritten Zwischenzeit II (Corpus Antiquitatum Aegyptiacarum, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, Ägyptisch-orientalische Sammlung, Lieferung 12). Maguncia: Philipp von Zabern.
Ferraris, E. (2015). The Tomb of Kha, em: Museo Egizio. Turín: Fondazione Museo delle Antichità Egizie di Torino.
Geldhof, E. (2018). Painting techniques of the Leiden coffins, em: Weiss, L. (ed.), The Coffins of the Priests of Amun: Egyptian coffins from the 21st Dynasty in the collection of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden (Papers on Archaeology of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities 17). Leiden: Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, 49-67.
Ikram, S. e Dodson, A. (1998). The mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the dead for eternity. El Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
Liptay, E. (2011). Coffins and coffin fragments of the Third Intermediate Period (I). Catalogues of the Egyptian Collection. Budapest: Museum of Fine Arts.
Mann, L., Greco, C. e Weiss, L. (2017). The Coffins in Leiden, em: Weiss, L. (ed.), The Coffins of the Priests of Amun: Egyptian coffins from the 21st Dynasty in the collection of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden (Papers on Archaeology of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities 17). Leiden: Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, 35-48.
Medina Sánchez, M. (2019). Los ataúdes egipcios de Pairusejer y de Ruru del Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Madrid. Oxford: BAR Publishing.
Miatello, L. e Ibrahim, M. (2020). The coffin set of Amenniunakht in Cairo: a case study of a 21st Dynasty burial assemblage, em: Sousa, R. (ed.), Yellow coffins from Thebes: Recording and decoding complexity in Egyptian funerary arts (21st - 22nd Dynasties). Oxford: BAR Publishing, 101-127.
Niwiński, A. (2004). Sarcofagi della XXI Dinastia (CGT 10101-10122). Con appendici de Gian Luigi Nicola, Thierry Radelet e Giuseppe Laquale. Turín: Ministerio per i Beni e le Attività Culturali.
Pagès-Campagna, S. e Guichard, H. (2017). Coloured materials of Theban coffins produced around the ‘yellow coffin’ series from the Louvre Collections, em: Amenta, A. e Guichard, H. (eds.), Proceedings of the First Vatican Coffin Conference (Vatican Museums, 19-22 June 2013). Ciudad del Vaticano: Edizioni Musei Vaticani, 357-360.
Prestipino, G. (2017). The Vatican Coffin Project: Observations on the construction techniques of the Third Intermediate Period coffins from the Musei Vaticani, em: Amenta, A. e Guichard, H. (eds.), Proceedings of the First Vatican Coffin Conference (Vatican Museums, 19-22 June 2013). Ciudad del Vaticano: Edizioni Musei Vaticani, 397-406.
Raven, M. (2017). Third Intermediate Period burials in Saqqara, em: Amenta, A. e Guichard, H. (eds.), Proceedings of the First Vatican Coffin Conference (Vatican Museums, 19-22 June 2013). Ciudad del Vaticano: Edizioni Musei Vaticani, 419-424.
Sousa, R. (2014). Spread your wings over me: Iconography, symbolism and meaning of the central panel on ‘yellow’ coffins, em: Sousa, R. (ed.), Body, Cosmos & Eternity: New research trends in the symbolism of coffins in ancient Egypt. Oxford: Archaeopress, 155-166.
Sousa, R. (2017). Burial assemblages from Bab el-Gasus in the Geographical Society of Lisbon (Monumenta Aegyptiaca 14). Turnhout: Association Égyptologique Reine Élizabeth / Brepols.
Sousa, R. (ed.) (2018a). The Tomb of the Priests of Amun: Burial Assemblages in the Egyptian Museum of Florence (Gate of the Priests Series 1, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 97). Leiden / Boston: Brill.
Sousa, R. (2018b). Gleaming Coffins: Iconography and symbolism in Theban coffin decoration (21st Dynasty). Coimbra: Coimbra University Press.
Sousa, R. (2018c). The Genealogy of Images: Innovation and complexity in coffin decoration during Dynasty 21, em: Taylor, J. e Vandenbeush, M. (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Coffins: Craft, Traditions and Functionality. Lovaina / París / Bristol: Peeters, 17-32.
Sousa, R. (2019). Gilded Flesh: Coffins and afterlife in Ancient Egypt. Oxford / Filadelfia: Oxbow Books.
Sousa, R. (2020a). The coffin set of Henuttaui at the Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst in Munich, em: Sousa, R. (ed.), Yellow coffins from Thebes: Recording and decoding complexity in Egyptian funerary arts (21st - 22nd Dynasties). Oxford: BAR Publishing, 75-90.
Sousa, R. (2020b). “Yellow” type and genealogy: formal variability and meaning in coffin decoration, em: Sousa, R. (ed.), Yellow coffins from Thebes: Recording and decoding complexity in Egyptian funerary arts (21st - 22nd Dynasties). Oxford: BAR Publishing, 209-216.
Sousa, R. (2020c). The coffin set of Tabasety at the Antikmuseet in the University of Aarhus, em: Sousa, R. (ed.), Yellow coffins from Thebes: Recording and decoding complexity in Egyptian funerary arts (21st - 22nd Dynasties). Oxford: BAR Publishing, 41-60.
Sousa, R. (2021). The Tomb of the Priests of Amun and the ‘restoration’ of the Theban Necropolis, em: Sousa, R., Amenta, A. e Cooney, K. (eds.), Bab el-Gasus in context: Rediscovering the Tomb of the Priests of Amun. Roma: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 137-168.
Sousa, R. e Hansen, A. H. (2022). The Tomb of the Priests of Amun: Burial assemblages of the National Museum of Denmark (Gate of the Priests Series 2, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 130). Leiden / Boston: Brill.
Sousa, R. e Nørskov, V. (2018). Tabasety, the Temple Singer in Aarhus, em: Trabajos de Egiptología. Papers on Ancient Egypt 9: 207-224.
Strudwick, H. e Dawson, J. (eds.) (2016). Death on the Nile: Uncovering the afterlife of Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: The Fitzwilliam Museum.
Zarli, M. e Sousa, R. (2018). Coffin sets, em: Sousa, R. (ed.) (2018), The Tomb of the Priests of Amun: Burial Assemblages in the Egyptian Museum of Florence (Gate of the Priests Series 1, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 97). Leiden / Boston: Brill.
Publicado
2023-12-01
Como Citar
Sousa, R. (2023). Os ataúdes amarelos: as novas práticas oficinais tebanas da XXI dinastia. Revista Del Instituto De Historia Antigua Oriental, (24). https://doi.org/10.34096/rihao.n24.13750
Edição
Seção
Dossier. Egiptología iberoamericana (primera parte)
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