Circulación de conocimientos y prácticas médicas en el Reino Latino de Jerusalén: algunas reflexiones sobre su estudio

Esteban Greif

doi:10.34096/ahamm.v54.1.7593

Esteban Greif Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.34096/ahamm.v54.1.7593

Keywords: historiography, medicine, crusades, leprosy

Abstract

The society founded by the Franks in the Holy Land after the European conquest of Jerusalem has been the subject of study for many historians who, since the beginnings of the 20th century, tried to elucidate the ways knowledge circulated between the Mediterranean East and the European continent. The study of the medical practice developed in the Latin society of the Kingdom of Jerusalem belongs to the set of investigations on this particular chapter of the history of knowledge in the Medieval Mediterranean World. The study and reflection on its historiographical evolution will allow us to outline, in general terms, the main lines of analysis and ways of approaching this specific field, as well as the great changes and novel perspectives on the issue in order to understand this aspect of the history of the crusades. Likewise, it will be possible to identify possible difficulties in the works addressed, as well as to point out perspectives for future proposals.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Albarrán Iruela, J. (2017). El sueño de al-Quds. Los musulmanes ante la conquista cruzada de Jerusalén (1099-1187). Madrid: La Ergástula.

Amouroux, M. (1999). Colonization and Creation of Hospitals: the Eastern Extension of Western Hospitality in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Mediterranean Historical Review, 14, 31-43.

Anastasiou, E. y Mitchell, P. D. (2015). Human Intestinal Parasites and Dysentery in Africa and the Middle East prior to 1500. En P. D. Mitchell (Ed.), Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations (121-147). Farnham: Ashgate.

Ashkenazi, Y. (1999). Curing and Nursing in the Church of Jerusalem during the Byzantine Period. En A. Zohar, E. Lev y J. Schwartz (Eds.), Medicine in Jerusalem throughout the Ages (33-49). Tel Aviv: Eretz.

Barber, M. (1981). Lepers, Jews and Moslems: the Plot to overthrow Christendom in 1321. History, 66, 1-17.

Barber, M. (1994). The Order of Saint Lazarus and the Crusades. The Catholic Historical Review, LXXX, 439-456.

Barber, M. (2000). The Charitable and Medical Activities of the Hospitallers and Templars. En G. Evans (Ed.), A History of Pastoral Care (148-168). Londres: Bloomsbury Publishing.

Beugnot, A. (Ed.). (1841-1843). Recueil des historiens des Croisades: Lois, 2. Abrégé du livre des Assises de le Cour des bourgeois. Paris: Académie Royale des Inscriptions et Belle-Lettres.

Bouras-Vallianatos, P. y Zipser, B. (Eds.). (2019). Brill's Companion to the reception of Galen. Leiden- Boston: Brill.

Brody, S. N. (1974). The Disease of the Soul: Leprosy in Medieval Literature. Nueva York: Cornell University Press.

Buckley, R. P. (Trad.). (1999). The Book of the Islamic Market Inspector: Nihayat al-rutba fi talab al-hisba (The Utmost Authority in the Pursuit of Hisba) by ‘Abd al-Rahman b. Nasr al-Shayzari. Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement, 9, 1-217.

Burnett, C. (2000). Antioch as a Link between Arabic and Latin Culture in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. En B. Van Den Abeele, A. Tihon e I. Draelants (Eds.), Occident et Proche-Orient: contacts scientifiques au temps des Croisades. Actes du colloque de Louvain-la-Neuve, 24 et 25 mars 1997 (1-69). Turnhout: Brepols.

Cahen, C. (1934). Indigènes et croisés. Quelques mots à propos d'un médecin d'Amaury et de Saladin. Syria, 15(4), 351-360.

Ciggaar, K. (2001). Western Travelers to Constantinople. The West and Byzantium, 962-1204: Cultural and Political Relations. Leiden: Brill.

Ciggaar, K., Teule, H. y Davis, A. (Eds.). (1996-2003). East and West in the Crusader States: Context. 3 vols. Lovaina: Peeters Publishers.

Conrad, L. (1999). Usama ibn Munqidh and Other Witnesses to Frankish and Islamic Medicine in the Era of the Crusades. En Z. Amar, E. Lev y J. Schwartz (Eds.), Medicine in Jerusalem throughout the Ages (xxvii-lii). Tel Aviv: Eretz.

Constantelos, D. J. (1968). Byzantine philanthropy and social welfare. Nueva Brunswick y Nueva Jersey: Rutgers University Press.

D’Alverny, M.-T. (1982). Translations and Translators. En R. L. Benson y G. Constable (Eds.), Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century (421-462). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Demaitre, L. (2007). Leprosy in Premodern Medicine: A Malady of the Whole Body. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Dolev, E. (1996). Medicine in the Crusaders Kingdom of Jerusalem. En M. Waserman y S. Kottek (Eds.), Health and Disease in the Holy Land: Studies in the History and Sociology of Medicine from Ancient Times to the Present (157-172). Nueva York y Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press.

Dols, M. (1983). The Leper in Medieval Islamic Society. Speculum, 58(4), 891-916.

Edgington, S. (1994). Medical Knowledge in the Crusading Armies: the Evidence of Albert of Aachen and Others. En M. Barber (Ed.), The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick (320-326). Londres: Ashgate.

Edgington, S. (1998). Medical Care in the Hospital of St John in Jerusalem. En H. Nicholson (Ed.), The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick (Vol. 2, 27-33). Londres: Ashgate.

Edgington, S. (1999). The Hospital of St John in Jerusalem. En Z. Amar, E. Lev y J. Schwartz (Eds.), Medicine in Jerusalem throughout the ages (ix-xxv). Tel Aviv: Eretz.

Edgington, S. (2005a). Administrative Regulations for the Hospital of St John in Jerusalem dating from the 1180s. Crusades, 4, 21-37.

Edgington, S. (2005b). Medicine and surgery in the Livre des Assises de la Cour des Bourgeois de Jerusalem. Al-Masāq, Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean, 17(1), 87-97.

Edgington, S. (2005c). Medieval Antioch as an Intellectual Centre, and its Influence on Western European Medicine. En Sari, N. et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 38th International Congress on the History of Medicine, 1–6 September 2002 (481–87). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.

Edgington, S. (2011). Oriental and occidental medicine in the crusader states. En Kostick, C. (Ed.), The Crusades and the Near East: Cultural Histories (189-215). Londres: Routledge.

Elisseef, N. (1986). Les échanges culturels entre le monde musulman et les croisés à l’époque de Nurad-Din b. Zanki (m. 1174). En V. P. Goss y C. Verzar Bornstein (Eds.), The Meeting of two worlds: cultural exchange between East and West during the period of the Crusades (39-52). Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University.

Ell, S. (1996). Pilgrims, Crusades and Plagues. En M. Waserman y S. Kottek (Eds.), Health and disease in the Holy Land: studies in the history and sociology of medicine from ancient times to the present (173-187). Nueva York y Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press.

Ficarra, B. (1996). Disease to death during the Crusades. En M. Waserman y S. Kottek (Eds.), Health and disease in the Holy Land: studies in the history and sociology of medicine from ancient times to the present (135-155). Nueva York y Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press.

Foucault, M. (1988). Madness and civilization. Nueva York: Vintage Books.

Gabrieli, F. (1969). Arab Historians of the Crusades. Londres: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Handerson, H. (1918). Gilbertus Anglicanus: Medicine of the Thirteen Century. Cleveland: Cleveland Medical Library Association.

Haskins, C. (1925). Arabic Sciences in Western Europe. Isis, 7(3), 478-85.

Headrick, D. (2012). The medieval World, 500 to 1500 CEE. En J. R. McNeill y E. Stewart Mauldin (Eds.), A companion to Global Environmental History (39-56). West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.

Hillebrand, C. (1999). The Crusades. Islamic Perspectives. Edimburgo: Edinburgh University Press.

Hitti, P. (Ed.). (1930). Usama Ibn Munqidh. Kitāb al-I'tibār. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Hitti, P. (Trad.). (1929). An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in The Period of The Crusades: Memoirs of Usama Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab al i'tibar). Nueva York: Columbia University Press.

Hume, E. (1940). Medical Work of the Knights Hospitallers of Saint John of Jerusalem. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

Huygens, R. et al. (Eds.). (1986). Guillaume du Tyr. Chronicon. Turnhout: Brepols. (CCCM).

Hyacinthe, R. (2007). De Domo Sancti Lazari milites leprosi: Knighthood and Leprosy in the Holy Land. En B. Bowers (Ed.), The Medieval Hospital and Medical Practice (209-224). Londres: Ashgate.

Kedar, B. (1983). Gerard of Nazareth a Neglected Twelfth-Century Writer in the Latin East: A Contribution to the Intellectual and Monastic History of the Crusader States. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 37, 55-77.

Kedar, B. (1998). A Twelfth-Century Description of the Jerusalem Hospital. En H. Nicholson (Ed.), The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick (Vol. 2, 3-26). Londres: Ashgate.

Luttrell, A. (1994). The Hospitallers Medical Tradition: 1291-1530. En M. Barber (Ed.), The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick (64-81). Londres: Ashgate.

Marcombe, D. (2003). Leper Knights. The Order of St Lazarus of Jerusalem in England, c.1150–1544. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.

McNeil, W. (2016 [1978]). Plagas y pueblos. Madrid: Siglo XXI.

Micheau, F. (2000). Les médecins orientaux au service des princes latins. En Van Den Abeele, B., Tihon, A. y Draelants, I. (Eds.), Occident et Proche-Orient: contacts scientifiques au temps des Croisades. Actes du colloque de Louvain-la-Neuve, 24 et 25 mars 1997 (95-115). Turnhout: Brepols.

Miller, T. (1978). The Knights of St John and the Hospitals of the Latin West. Speculum, 53(4), 709-733.

Miller, T. y Nesbitt, J. (2014). Walking corpses. Leprosy in Byzantium and the Medieval West. Ithaca y Londres: Cornell University Press.

Mitchell, P. D. (2000). Appendix: An Evaluation of the Leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the Context of Medieval World. En B. Hamilton (Ed.), The Leper King and his Heirs. Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (245-258). Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.

Mitchell, P. D. (2002). The Myth of the Spread of Leprosy with the Crusades. En C. A. Roberts, K. Manchester y M. E. Lewis (Eds.), The Past and Present of Leprosy (171-178). Oxford: Archaeopress.

Mitchell, P. D. (2004). Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mitchell, P. D. (2007). The Infirmaries of the Order of the Temple in the Medieval Kingdom of Jerusalem. En B. Bowers (Ed.), The Medieval Hospital and Medical Practice (225-234). Londres: Ashgate.

Mitchell, P. D. (2015). Intestinal Parasites in the Crusades: Evidence for Disease, Diet, and Migration. En A. Boas (Ed.), The Crusader World (593-606). Londres y Nueva York: Routledge, 2015.

Mitchell, P. D. (2016). Anatomy and Surgery in Europe and the Middle East During the Middle Ages. En H. Perdicoyianni-Paleologou (Ed.), Anatomy and Surgery from Antiquity to the Renaissance (309-324). Amsterdam: Adolf Hakkert.

Nader, M. (2006). Burgesses and Burgess Law in the Latin Kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus (1099-1325). Hampshire: Ashgate.

Pegg, M. G. (1990). Le corps et l'autorité: la lèpre de Baudouin IV. Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations. 45(2), 265-287.

Pormann, P. y Savage-Smith, E. (2007). Medieval Islamic Medicine. Edimburgo: Edinburgh University Press.

Prawer, J. (1980). Crusader Institutions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rawcliffe, C. (2006). Leprosy in Medieval England. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.

Sallares, R. (2014). Disease. En P. Horden y S. Kinoshita (Eds.), A companion to Mediterranean History (250-262). West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.

Savage-Smith, E. (2006). New Evidence for the Frankish Study of Arabic Medical Texts in the Crusader Period. Crusades, 5, 99-112.

Savona-Ventura, C. (2008). The Order of Saint Lazarus in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Journal of the Monastic Military Orders, 1, 55-64.

Shahar, S. (1982). Des lépreux pas comme les autres. L'Ordre de Saint-Lazare dans le royaume latin de Jérusalem. Revue historique, 267, 19-41.

Siraisi, N. (1990). Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sterns, I. (1983). Care of the Sick Brothers by the Crusader Orders in the Holy Land. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 57, 43-69.

Tabuteau, B. (2007). Historical Research Developments on Leprosy in France and Western Europe. En B. Bowers (Ed.), The Medieval Hospital and Medical Practice (41-56). Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.

Temkin, O. (1973). Galenism. Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy. Ithaca y Londres: Cornell University Press.

Torres Fontes, J. (1983). Las ordenaciones al Almotacen murciano en la primera mitad del siglo XIV. Miscelánea medieval murciana, 10, 71-131.

Touati, F.-O. (1996). Archives de la lèpre. Atlas des léproseries entre Loire et Marne au Moyen Age. Paris: Editions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques.

Touati, F.-O. (1998). Maladie et société au Moyen Âge. La lèpre, les lépreux et les léproseries dans la province ecclésiastique de Sens jusqu’au milieu du XIVe siècle. Turnhout: Brepols.

Touati, F.-O. (2007). La Terre Sainte: un laboratoire hospitalier au Moyen Âge? En N. Bulst y K. H. Heinz (Eds.), Sozialgeschichte Mittelalterlicher Hospitäler (169-211). Ostfildern: Jan Thorbecke Verlag.

Van Den Abeele, B., Tihon, A. y Draelants, I. (2000). Introduction. En B. Van Den Abeele, A. Tihon e I. Draelants (Eds.), Occident et Proche-Orient: contacts scientifiques au temps des Croisades. Actes du colloque de Louvain-la-Neuve, 24 et 25 mars 1997 (i-v). Turnhout: Brepols.

Wagner, T. G. (2009). Die Seuchen der Kreuzzüge: Krankheit und Krankenpflege auf den bewaffneten Pilgerfahrten ins Heilige Land. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.

Walsh, J. (1919). The Medical History of Two Crusades. En Contributions to Medical and Biological Research, Dedicated to Sir William Osler (Vol. 2, 796-805). Nueva York: Paul B. Hoeber.

Wickersheimer, E. (1936). Dictionnaire biographique des médecins en France au Moyen Âge. Paris: E. Droz.

Wickersheimer, E. (1951). Organisation et législation sanitaires au royaume franc de Jerusalem (1099-1296). Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, 16, 689-705.

Woodings, A. F. (1971). The Medical Resources and Practice of the Crusader States in Syria and Palestine, 1096-1193. Medical history, 15, 268-277.

Zias, J. (1986). Was Byzantine Herodium a Leprosarium? The Biblical Archaeologist, 49(3), 182-186.