Africa versus Europe: how the two British theatres compared 1914-1918
Resumo
Although the African theatres of the First World War are receiving more attention than in the past, they are still relatively unknown. As in 1914-1918, the territories remain exotic side-shows for those interested in the main theatre of war, that in Europe, and for British researchers, it is the Western Front. This essay aims to alert readers to the similarities and differences between the British forces which served on the Western Front with those who served in the African theatres of 1914-1918, proving that “War is always hell. Only the setting changes.”Downloads
Referências
Administration of Medical Services in German East Africa. (n.d.). WO 141/30, The National Archives. United Kingdom.
Aldrick, J. (2012). Northrup: The Life of William Northurp McMillan. Old Africa Books.
Anderson, R. (2014). The Forgotten Front, The East African Campaign 1914-1918. History Press.
Anthony, D. H. (2006). Max Yergan: Race Man, Internationalist, Cold Warrior. University Press.
Arnold, J. (1988). The African DCM: Awards of the King's African Rifles and the West African Frontier Force Distinguished Conduct Medal. OMRS.
Athanase, P. and Bonnelame, B. (11 November 2016). Exhibition showcasing Seychelles’ WWI role opens in the capital. Seychelles. News Agency. http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/6259/Exhibition+showcasing+Seychelles+WWI+role+opens+in+the+capital
Belgian Ministry of Colonies. (2014) [1919]. The Fate of the Prisoners During the East African Campaign: The Treatment of the Allied Prisoners by the Germans, the Treatment of the German Prisoners by the Belgians, Hoffelder, T. (trad.). GWAA.
Browne-Davis, N. (2018). The Advent of War: Anglo-African Relations across West Africa en A. Samson, A. P. Pires and D. Gilfoyle (eds.), There Came a Time. GWAA / TSL Publications.
Campbell, W. W. (2020) [1928]. East Africa by Motor Lorry. GWAA.
Carpenter, G. D. H. (1920). A Naturalist on Lake Victoria with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse-tse Fly. EP Dutton.
Confidus Solutions (n.d.). Geography of Tanzania. Confiduss. http://www.confiduss.com/en/jurisdictions/tanzania/geography/
Conscientious Objectors (1915-1918). The National Archives. United Kingdom. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/conscientious-objectors/
Corrigan, G. (2003). Mud, Blood and Poppycock. Cassell.
Delport, A. (2016). “Stumbling on Civvy Street”: The re-adjustment of white South African war veterans to life in post-war society, 1918-1928. Scientia Militaria - South African Journal of Military Studies, 44(1).
Dinesen, I. [Blixen, K.]. (1981). Letters from Africa 1914-1931. Weidenfelt.
Dinesen, I. [Blixen, K.]. (1937). Out of Africa. Putnam.
Doyle, P. (2012). First World War Britain 1914-1919. Bloomsbury.
Duder, C. J. D. (1978). The soldier settlement scheme of 1919 in Kenya [PhD Thesis]. University of Aberdeen.
Eeles, S. (7 October 2021) [1916]. Albert Howard Dickerson. The 25th Battalion Royal Fusiliers (Frontiersmen) in the Great War 1914-1918. https://25throyalfusiliers.co.uk/albert_howard_dickerson.html
Fecitt, H. (2021). The King’s African Rifles and East African Forces in Both World Wars: A Compilation of Units, Their Operational Activities, Honours and Awards Received and Sacrifices Made, vol. 1, 1914-1918. KAR & EA Forces Association.
General Routine Order 2. (2 January 1918). WO 123/289, The National Archives. United Kingdom.
General Routine Order 49. Employment of Native Children. (May 22, 1916). WO 123/288, The National Archives. United Kingdom.
Global Nonviolent Action Database (2013). South African Bantu Women Win Anti-pass Campaign in Orange Free State, 1912-1918. Nvdatabase. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/south-african-bantu-women-win-anti-pass-campaign-orange-free-state-1912-1918
Grundlingh, A. (1987). Fighting their own war: South African blacks and the First World War. Raven.
Great War in Africa Association (2018). Zambia: The End of the Great War in Africa, 25 November 1918 – 25 November 2018. GWAA.
Green Book No 1A, Africa, and others. (n.d.). YMCA/K/1/1, Cadbury Research Library Birmingham. United Kingdom.
Haarhoff, J. (2021). Berrangé’s Trek: The Eastern Force in the South West African Campaign of 1915. Journal of the South African Military History Society, 19(3).
Hanna, E. (2015). Veterans’ Associations (Great Britain and Ireland) en D. Ute et al (ed.), 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/veterans_associations_great_britain_and_ireland
Harper, T. (1995). Marching through hell: the British soldier in the First World War 's East African campaign [Masters Thesis]. University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Hodges, G. (1999). Kariakor: The Carrier Corps. Nairobi University.
Humphries, M. (2014). Wilfully and With Intent: Self-Inflicted Wounds and the Negotiation of Power in the Trenches. Histoire Sociale / Social History, 47(94).
Jewell, N. P. (2016). On Call in Africa in War and Peace 1910-1932. Private publication. Gillyflower.
Kennedy, J. C. (2003). “Shiwak (Sikoak), John” en Dictionary of Canadian Biography, 14. University of Toronto/Université Laval. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/shiwak_john_14E.html
Klekowski, E. and Klekowski, L. (2018). Edith Wharton and Mary Roberts Rinehart at the Western Front, 1915. McFarland & Co.
Leclaire, J. (2006). Tanga Letters to Jessie: Written by Francis Brett Young to his Wife from German East Africa 1916-1917. Francis Brett Young Society.
Lucia, Ch. (2005). The World of South African Music: A Reader. Cambridge Scholars.
Medical Records of the First World War. (n.d.), South African National Defence Force Documentation Centre.
Morrow, J. H. (2003). The Great War: An Imperial History. Taylor & Francis.
Morton Jack, G. (2018). Army of Empire. Hatchette.
Moyd, M. (2014). Violent Intermediaries: African Soldiers, Conquest, and Everyday colonialism in German East Africa. Ohio University Press.
Mullen, J. (n.d.). Wartime Popular Music. British Library. https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/wartime-popular-music
Huskisson, Y. (1992). Black Composers of Southern Africa: An Expanded Supplement to The Bantu Composers of Southern Africa. HSRC.
Nizamie, S. H. and Goyal, N. (2010). History of Psychiatry in India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(1).
Page, G. (1918). Far from the Limelight. Cassell.
Page, G. (1915). Follow After. Hurst & Blackett.
Page, M. E. (2020a). Chiwaya War Voices. GWAA.
Page, M. E. (2000b). The Chiwaya War: Malawians and the First World War. Westview.
Paice, E. (2007). Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa. Weidenfeld.
Parsons, T. H. (2015). Mobilising Britain’s African Empire for War. Pragmatism vs Trusteeship. Journal of Modern European, 13(2).
Payne, D. (28 May 2008). Why the British Army did not Mutiny en Masse on the Western Front During the First World War. The Western Front Association. https://www.westernfrontassociation.com/world-war-i-articles/why-the-british-army-did-not-mutiny-en-masse-on-the-western-front-during-the-first-world-war/
Phillips, H. (1990). “Black October”: The Impact of the Spanish Influenza Epidemic of 1918 on South Africa [PhD Thesis]. University of Cape Town.
Phillips, H. (2014). Influenza Pandemic (Africa) en D. Ute et al (ed.), 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/influenza_pandemic_africa
Pike, W. W. and Balfour, A. (1918). Report on View: to German East Africa. GWEAA. https://gweaa.com/home/medical-project/medical-archive/
Pires, A. P. and Nunes, R. (2021). Portuguese Humanitarian Efforts during the First World War en A. P. Pires, J. Schmidt and M. I. Tato (eds.), The Global First World War: African, East Asian, Latin American and Iberian Mediators. Routledge.
Pocock, G. A. (2015). Frontiersmen in their own words. Frontiersmen Historian. https://frontiersmenhistorian.info/2015/09/02/frontiersmen-in-their-own-words-part-2/.
Pretorius, P. J. (2013). Jungle Man: Mtanda Batho, Hunter and Adventurer, The Autobiography of Major PJ Pretorius. Dream Africa.
Private Papers of Major General Edward Northey GCMG, CB (n.d.). Documents 9796, Imperial War Museum. United Kingdom.
Samson, A. (2018). Alhaji Grunshi – Gold Coast Regiment. GWEAA. http://gweaa.com/home/theatres/personal-histories/alhaji-grunshi-gold-coast-regiment/
Samson, A. (n.d.a). A Little Chinese Help. Anne Samson – Historian. https://thesamsonsedhistorian.wordpress.com/2019/02/04/a-little-chinese-help/
Samson, A. (2020a). Britain, South Africa and the East Africa Campaign 1914-1918: The Union comes of age. GWAA.
Samson, A. (2020b). Kitchener: The Man not the Myth. Helion.
Samson, A. (2021a). Language in East Africa During the First World War en J. Walker and C. Declerco (eds.), Multilingual Environments in the Great War. Bloomsbury.
Samson, A. (n.d.b). Serbian Barrels in WW1 East Africa. Anne Samson – Historian. https://thesamsonsedhistorian.wordpress.com/2017/09/18/serbian-barrels-in-ww1-east-africa/
Samson, A. (n.d.c). Suicide. Anne Samson – Historian. https://thesamsonsedhistorian.wordpress.com/2019/11/25/suicide/
Samson, A. (17 February 2017). The Use of Flight in the African Campaigns of World War 1 [talk]. RAF, Hendon, United Kingdom. https://thesamsonsedhistorian.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/flight-in-ww1-africa-paper.pdf.
Samson, A. (2 July 2015). Who remembers the “Boy” who carried World War 1 in East Africa? [paper]. South African Historical Association Conference, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Samson, A. (2021b). Why Africans in British Empire Territories Joined the Colours, 1914-1918 en B. Martens and T. Bivins, Propaganda and Public Relations in Military Recruitment: Promoting Military Service in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries. Routledge.
Samson, A. (12 June 2021c). 27+ = We All Served in East Africa 1914-1918 [paper]. National Army Museum, Western Front Association & British Commission for Military History Conference. https://www.crowdcast.io/e/ed-conf_africa
Samson, A. and Page, M. E. (2020). Food and Nutrition (Africa) en D. Ute et al (ed.), 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/food_and_nutrition_africa
Satchwell, K. (17 December 2020). At their duty's post they stood - Poetry written by South Africans during the Great War [lecture]. The South African Military History Society. http://samilitaryhistory.org/zoomlib.html
Satchwell, K. (ed.). (2014). Your Loving Son, Yum: The Letters of Grahame Alexander Munro to his Family 1915-1916. Private publication.
Self-harm, Hand Wounding. (n.d.). WO 154/14, The National Archives Education Resources. United Kingdom. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/loyalty-dissent/self-harm-hand-wounding/
Sharma, L. and Sharma, V. B. L. (2020). Prisoners of Tsavo: An Account of Oppression and Survival in Colonial Africa, Incorporating the Memoirs of Kenya’s Lalchand Sharma. LifeRich.
Sneyd, R. (2014). East African Campaign 1914-1918 Faridkot Sappers & Miners. GWAA.
Steinbach, D. (2021). Shifting Tides: The Port City of Mombasa and the First World War. Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies, 5(1).
Tarpey, B. (2019). Charles Futcher Smith. GWEAA. https://gweaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CHARLES-FUTCHER-SMITH-Brian-Tarpey.pdf.
Thompson, P. S. (2011). The Natal Home Front in the Great War (1914–1918). Historia, 56(1).
von Lettow-Vorbeck, P. (1990). My Reminiscences of East Africa. Battery Press.
Yorke, E. J. (2015). Britain, Northern Rhodesia and the First World War: Forgotten Colonial Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan.
War Diary of Indian Expeditionary Force B. (n.d.). WO 154/288, WO 154/289, The National Archives. United Kingdom.
War Diaries Director of Railways. (n.d.). WO 95/5302, The National Archives. United Kingdom.
Webb, M. (2014). From Downing Street to the Trenches: First-hand Accounts from the Great War, 1914-1916. Bodleian Library.
White, L. (1990). The Comforts of Home: Prostitution in Colonial Nairobi. University of Chicago.
Willis, M. (2018). Bringing African soldiers to life using The National Archives (London) record collections en A. Samson, A. P. Pires and D. Gilfoyle (eds.), There Came a Time: Essays on the Great War in Africa. GWAA.
Willson, J. G. (2012). Guerrillas of Tsavo: An illustrated diary of a forgotten campaign in British East Africa 1914-1916. Willson.
Wilson, C. J. (2006). The East African Mounted Rifles: Experiences of the Campaign in the East African Bush during the First World. Leonaur.
Young, F. B. (1930). Jim Redlake. Heinemann.
Young, F. B. (1917). Marching on Tanga with General Smuts in East Africa. Collins.
Young, F. B. (1918). The Crescent Moon. Martin Secker.
Zürcher, E. J. (2013). Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000. Amsterdam University Press.
Copyright (c) 2022 Anne Samson
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Historia & Guerra utiliza uma licença internacional Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Você tem o direito de:
- Compartilhar— copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer suporte ou formato.
- Adapt — remixar, transformar, e criar a partir do material.
- O licenciante não pode revogar estes direitos desde que você respeite os termos da licença..
De acordo com os termos seguintes:
Atribuição — Você deve atribuir o devido crédito, fornecer um link para a licença, e indicar se foram feitas alterações. Você pode fazê-lo de qualquer forma razoável, mas não de uma forma que sugira que o licenciante o apoia ou aprova o seu uso.
NãoComercial — Você não pode usar o material para fins comerciais..
Sem restrições adicionais — Você não pode aplicar termos jurídicos ou medidas de caráter tecnológico que restrinjam legalmente outros de fazerem algo que a licença permita..
Avisos:
Não tem de cumprir com os termos da licença relativamente a elementos do material que estejam no domínio público ou cuja utilização seja permitida por uma exceção ou limitação que seja aplicável.
Não são dadas quaisquer garantias. A licença pode não lhe dar todas as autorizações necessárias para o uso pretendido. Por exemplo, outros direitos, tais como direitos de imagem, de privacidade ou direitos morais, podem limitar o uso do material..
O autor mantém todos os direitos sobre a sua obra sem restrições e concede a Historia & Guerra o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra. Da mesma forma, o autor pode estabelecer acordos adicionais para a distribuição não exclusiva da versão da obra publicada na revista (por exemplo, colocando-a num repositório institucional ou publicando-a num livro), com o reconhecimento de ter sido publicada pela primeira vez nesta revista. A utilização da obra para fins comerciais não é permitida.
.png){kind=small}
.jpg)
